Understanding the global mpox health emergency: what you need to know

What is mpox and who is at risk?

Mpox, caused by a virus in the same family as smallpox, has resurfaced as a significant health threat, particularly in several African countries. Though smallpox was declared eradicated in 1980, mpox presents new challenges, primarily due to its transmission methods and the varying risks it poses to different populations.

Dr. Lynora Saxinger, an infectious diseases physician at the University of Alberta, emphasized that mpox primarily spreads through close physical contact, particularly skin-to-skin interactions, including sexual activities. This means that the general population's risk of contracting mpox through casual contact, such as passing someone on the street or in the subway, is low. However, people who are in close physical proximity to an infected individual, especially those within the same household, are at a higher risk.

How is mpox transmitted?

The transmission of mpox occurs mainly through close physical contact with an infected person, particularly when there are visible skin lesions. According to Dr. Isaac Bogoch, an infectious diseases specialist at Toronto General Hospital, the virus can also be spread through contaminated materials, such as bed linens and pillows, that have been in contact with an infected person's lesions. This is why it is recommended to wear gloves when handling the bedding of someone with an active mpox infection.

The epidemiology of mpox in Canada, as noted by Dr. Bogoch, indicates that the infection is primarily occurring within the community of men who have sex with men (MSM), particularly those with multiple sexual partners. This pattern of transmission underscores the importance of targeted public health interventions, including communication and vaccination efforts focused on at-risk communities.

Preventive measures and public health recommendations

To prevent the spread of mpox, public health experts advise avoiding close physical contact with individuals showing symptoms of the infection, such as rashes or lesions. It is also crucial not to share personal items like utensils, clothing, or bed linens with someone who may be infected. Maintaining good hygiene, including regular hand washing, is another essential preventive measure.

While respiratory transmission has not been identified as a major route for mpox, the virus can be present in saliva and respiratory secretions. Dr. Saxinger noted that, although transmission through respiratory droplets is possible, it is much less likely compared to skin-to-skin contact.

What constitutes close contact?

In the context of mpox, close contact refers to more than just living in the same household as an infected person. It involves prolonged, direct physical interaction, particularly with areas of the body that have mucous membranes, such as the genitals and mouth. Direct handling of an infected animal can also pose a risk of transmission.

Vaccination: who needs it?

Vaccination against mpox is currently recommended in Canada for individuals who fall into specific risk categories, particularly men who have sex with men and sex workers who have multiple sexual contacts. For people outside these high-risk groups, vaccination is generally not necessary. Dr. Bogoch advises that the general population should not be overly concerned about the need for vaccination unless they are in close contact with an infected individual. Additionally, vaccinating household contacts of infected persons is another strategy to limit the spread of the virus.

Will mpox trigger another pandemic?

The term "pandemic" often brings to mind the widespread impact and high transmission rates seen with COVID-19. However, experts like Dr. Saxinger believe that the likelihood of mpox reaching such a level is extremely low. A pandemic, by definition, involves the widespread occurrence of an infectious disease across countries or globally. While mpox poses a significant threat in regions with ongoing outbreaks, the risk to the general population in countries without active mpox cases remains low.

The declaration of mpox as a global health emergency underscores the need for vigilance and coordinated public health efforts. While the virus poses significant risks in certain populations and regions, the general public's risk remains relatively low. Understanding the modes of transmission, recognizing the symptoms, and following recommended preventive measures are crucial steps in protecting oneself and preventing the spread of mpox. As with any public health concern, staying informed and adhering to expert guidelines will be key to managing the impact of this disease.

source: CBC